Types of foundation in civil Engineering

Foundation is a structural part of a building on which a building stands. Foundation transmits and distributes its own load and imposed loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity of the “foundation bed” is not exceeded. The solid ground on which the foundation rest is called foundation bed. We use various types of footing as a foundation.

Foundations are mainly two categories.

1. Shallow foundation, and
2. Deep foundation.

Details is shown below:

1- Shallow Foundation

Shallow foundation is a type of foundation that transfers load to the very near the surface. Shallow foundations typically have a depth to width ratio of less than 1.


Various types of Shallow Foundations:
Following are the types shallow foundations -

·         Pad footing or column footing

·         Cantilever or strap footings

·         Mat/Raft footings

·         Wall Footings

·            Pad footing or column footing

        This type of footing can be two types - Isolated and Combined.

Isolated footing

These are most economical. They are usually in square or rectangle size with the column sitting in the middle of the square. It's a kind of pad footing.

       Combined footing
       A footing, either rectangular or trapezoidal, that supports two columns. It's also a
       pad footing.

·         Cantilever or strap footingsConsist of two single footings connected with a beam or a strap and support two single columns.      

·         Mat/Raft footings

Consist of one footing usually placed under the entire building area. They are used when soil bearing capacity is low, column loads are heavy, single footing can’t be used, piles are not used and differential settlement must be reduced.

·      Wall Footings
Wall footings are used to distribute the loads of structural load-bearing walls to the soil. 
 

 2- Deep Foundations

Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths of 3 meter below finished ground level. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the load to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.

 Common Type of Deep Foundation:

1. Pile foundations: They are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of shallow foundations. In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces. Thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and transmit column loads to the piles.

2. Piers: are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed in-situ in a deep excavation.

3. Caissons: are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the caisson.

4. Compensated foundations: are deep foundations in which the relief of stress due to excavation is approximately balanced by the applied stress due to the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore very small. A compensated foundation normally comprises a deep basement.

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Storey Buildings

Advantages and Disadvantages of Storey Buildings

Below are some of the Advantages and Disadvantages of storey buildings

Advantages

• Extra height gives good view, distinct and clear view from surrounding structures unlike one floor bungalow that may have been covered with perimeter fence.

• The buildings are more visible from a distance to one floor bungalow

•  Distinct separation of private area from public area. For a two storey duplex, the bedrooms are taken up while the living rooms that are accessible to visitors are left downstairs, this is good for privacy and less noise around the bedrooms.

• ·         Security-You can isolate the upper floor from the ground floor with a security door by the staircase in case of any attack. Burglars can’t easily access the upper floor through the windows. It also gives you a clear view of in case of any intruder lurking around the fence.

• ·         Interesting features - Storey buildings can be interesting, climbing through a well-designed staircase looking at the structure in whole can be quite pleasing to the eyes.

• ·         Better aeration- More space is created for effective air circulation as the upper floor create rooms for additional rooms and windows and are most unlikely to be blocked by adjacent walls/fence.

• ·         Optimization of space - You have more space for the same area of plot.  This might mean you have a larger yard.

Disadvantages

• You need to get up the stairs.  If you are old, tired, or drunk, this can be hard.
• You might fall down the stairs and injure yourself.
• Moving into or out of the house is harder, you have to get furniture up the stairs.
• People downstairs might be disturbed by banging on the floor upstairs.
• There is less flexibility in the use of your house.  If one of the upstairs rooms was a better dining room, and one of the downstairs rooms was a better bedroom, this would be difficult.  (Our living room is officially a bedroom, the dining room is an office, the living room is a dining room).
• If you have incandescent lightbulbs, they don't last as long when people walk above them.